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when I took out the old carpet tack strips, popping out the nails left 1-4" wide "craters" in the surface
That’s pretty normal. If that is what is causing the concern that your floor is brittle then I don’t think you really have a concern. Powder actuated nails will hold the floor. I would take a small piece of plywood shoot it into the floor with a .27 cal PAN gun putting a nail about every sq ft. If you can’t pull it up with your hands then it is not going anywhere. It’s the cheapest route with the price of glue.