1a. The particle board must come out, It will not hold staples and or nails (considering if you use 1.5 inch staples 3/4 of that staple will be in the board itself, and 3/4 or less in the particle board....) Even with a two inch staple its still 1/4 or less into the actual subfloor (cardecking)
1b. 1x6 pine boards are a suitable subfloor, 2 inch would be better (IMO) Ive never run into 2x6 T&G before, I have seen 2x6 non tounge and groove. Im confident it is suitable.
1c. you could lay 1/2 plywood down over the 2x6 cardecking (only if it wasnt the height you wanted the floor to be) but I dont think it is needed.
1d. Lumerliquidators isnt in the business of installing floors, so I would advise against thier advice
Did you get the wood from them? Ive just heard too many horror storys about that place.
2. Staples are fine, they work well in pine, Cleats work also but I prefer staples in pine oak and a few other select species.
2b. I would use 2 inch staples (IMO the only time to use the 1.5 inch ones is if you are going over cement with only 3/4 or 5/8 underlayment. so you dont hit the concrete)
2c. Anything 4 inches and above I glue and staple, I believe nofma's standards are 5 inches and above. (if you were to glue and staple it, you wouldnt use the paper)
3. Used may be one of your better options, the guns are close to 500 each new, you can get a knock off for about half the cost but I have no experience with any of those, or you could buy a new one and then sell it yourself. Craigslist maybe?