can you resand a prefinished bamboo floor?

Yes.

will it not splinter?

I wouldn't get on it with 24 grit!!!!. You sand with the grain, not across it.

I have done some sand and finish in place bamboo flooring. All were 5/8" horizontal. All were natural except one that was carbonized. They all sanded very nicely. I sanded like I would an oak floor and screened to 100 prior to sealing with an OMU finish. They always turned out awesome. I thought the bamboo sanded very well.